690+ethical+conduct

ethical conduct

from Fraenkel/Wallen Ch. 4

violating ethical practice: delete data that is collected but doesnt support hypothesis, conducting research on minors w/o parental consent

to be ethicial you must be conforming to the standards of a given profession or group

research on human subjects

observe stringent safeguards to protect the rights of human participants

subject at risk or subject at minimal risk is important to determine

ethical treatment of subjects by everyone involved

full disclosure, informed consent protect welfare and dignity of research participants

sometimes require concealment or deception: must be justified for scientific/educational value; sufficient explanation

especially if in position of authority/influence over participants if risks, then researcher has to inform participants, no way have to participate

clinical trials : final test of a new drug

3 issues every researcher should address: 1. protecting participants from harm 2. ensuring confidentiality of research data 3. the question of deception of subjects

must protect from harm, discomfort, danger, physical/psychological harm that arise from research procedures

extreme harm only if extreme benefit to humans

questions to ask about harm: 1. could people be harmed (phys/psych) 2. could study be conducted in other nonharmful way 3. is the info so important?

confidentiality: no one else but other key assistants has access to data name removed from all data collection forms

resarch in confidence, names never used in published, right to withdraw from a study or results not used

whenever possible no harm

specific guidelines for studies using kids 1. informed consent of parents/guardians of minors, approp. language and opportunity to refuse 2. researchers do not present themselves as diagnosticians or counselors in reporting results to parents, nor report info given by a child in confidence 3. kids never coerced 4. money paid participants doesnt affect ethical principles

regulations: National Research Act of 1974 all reserch institutions receiving federal funds establish institutional review boards (IRB) to review and approve research projects (whether group or single researcher) failure to comply and whole institution could lose federal funding governed by department of health and human services (HHS)

IRB must have at least 5 members of both men and women, at least one person not affiliated with institution, competent in a relevant area may be invited but not vote conflict of interest must be excluded vulnerable categories must have at least one person concerned with welfare of subjects

IRB minimization of risks risks reasonable equitable non-discrimatory protection of vulnerable informed consent (and documented) right to withdraw monitor of data to ensure safety privacy/confidentiality

IRB classify research proposals in 3 categories: category I (exempt review): no possible risk to adult participants, exempt from requirement of informed consent category II (expedited review): no more than minimal risk, not require written documentation of informed consent, but oral consent, most classroom research projects category III (full review): questionable elements, special populations, unsual equipment or procedures, deception, invasive, full board meeting with researcher in person to discuss and answer questions about research

educational projects exempt from HHS regulation 1. instructional strategy, effectiveness of ed. techniques, curricula, class management 2. educational testing, anonymous subjects 3. survey/interview procedures except where: participants can be id'd, if participants responses were released to public then criminal or financial risk, sensitive aspects of participants behavior like illicit, drug/alcohol, sexual, observation of public behavior, collection of data that is available to public

family privacy act of 1974: buckley amendment protect the privacy of students educational records, not made public without parent consent, consent forms tell: what data to be disclosed, why, and to whom

guidelines for qualitative is not as clear as quantitative research.

suggestions for qualitative: 1. avoid research sites where informants feel coerced 2. honor privacy of informants, recruit so they choose 3. tell how long interview will be 4. id should be protected, both written and orally 5. treat well, told of researchers interest, written consent 6 make terms clear 7. tell truth when written and reported

most important questions is of harm

from Marcie's slides week 2, slide set 2



from F/W website Ch. 4

__Basic Ethical Principles__ __Research with Children__ __The Regulation of Research__
 * Ethics refers to questions of right and wrong.
 * There are a number of ethical principles that all researchers should be aware of and apply to their investigations.
 * The basic ethical question for all researchers to consider is, "Will any physical or psychological harm come to anyone as a result of my research?"
 * All subjects in a research study should be assured that any data collected from or about them will be held in confidence.
 * The term "deception," as used in research, refers to intentionally misinforming the subjects of a study as to some or all aspects of the research topic.
 * Children as research subjects present problems for researchers that are different from those of adult subjects. Children are more vulnerable, have fewer legal rights, and often do not understand the meaning of "informed consent."
 * Before any research involving human beings can be conducted at an institution that receives Federal Funds, it must be reviewed by an institutional review board (IRB) at the institution.
 * The federal agency that has the major responsibility for establishing the guidelines for research studies that involve human subjects is the Department of Health and Human Services.